Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of low-level laser irradiation on bone formation around implants. Materials and methods: Four implants were placed on each side of the lower border of the mandible of six adult male sheep. The implant sockets were prepared to a length of 10 mm and a width of 4.8 mm to receive implants measuring 8 mm in length and 4 mm in width. On one side, laser application to the socket was performed just before implant placement and continued twice daily for 7 days after implant placement, whereas the other side served as a control. The animals were sacrificed at 4, 8, and 12 weeks, and a decalcified section of bone-implant interface was studied for bone-implant contact, total pitch new bone formation, and total new bone formation. Results: The percentage of bone-implant contact at 4, 8, and 12 weeks was 53.927 (±2.350), 60.696 (±2.350), and 70.798 (±1.85) in the laser group and 47.406 (±3.994), 55.098 (±1.736), and 62.668 (±3.177) in the control group. The percentage of total pitch new bone formation at 4, 8, and 12 weeks was 52.609 (±10.226), 53.540 (±8.540), and 78.528 (±3.923) in the laser group and 41.050 (±8.320), 41.881 (±8.728), and 70.238 (±6.450) in the control group. The percentage of total new bone formation at 4, 8, and 12 weeks was 52.733 (±3.411), 62.630 (±3.500), and 80.677 (±2.475) in the laser group and 44.786 (±2.826), 48.520 (±3.864), and 75.327 (±2.461) in the control group. The difference in the three histological parameters was significant between the two groups at the three time points. Conclusion: Laser irradiation of peri-implant bone significantly increased bone formation in overprepared implant sockets. Clinical significance: Laser therapy may be utilized to enhance the osseointegration of implants placed in poor bone quality and with inadequate primary stability.

Aim: The present in vitro study aimed to compare the drug release kinetics and cell viability analysis of simvastatin-loaded advanced-platelet rich fibrin (A-PRF) vs titanium-prepared platelet-rich fibrin (T-PRF). Materials and methods: Blood samples from four healthy donors were used to prepare platelet-rich fibrin (PRF). A-PRF was prepared by centrifuging the blood at 1500 rpm for 14 minutes, while T-PRF was prepared at 2800 rpm for 12 minutes in titanium tubes. About 75 µL of simvastatin stock solution was added to each PRF sample to achieve a total loading dose of 1.5 mg simvastatin. Drug release kinetics were analyzed using UV-visible spectrophotometry, and cell viability was assessed using the MTT assay with dental pulp stem cells (DPSC). Results: Drug release kinetics showed no statistically significant difference at the 3-hour burst release from A-PRF and T-PRF, both loaded with simvastatin. However, there was a statistically significant difference between both groups at 6 and 24 hours. T-PRF loaded with simvastatin exhibited better sustained release. It was evident that at higher (100%) and lower (50%) concentrations, T-PRF showed significantly higher cell viability than A-PRF. Conclusion: The current study concluded that T-PRF is better than A-PRF in terms of sustained release of simvastatin. The prepared A-PRF and T-PRF materials loaded with simvastatin are compatible with DPSC in cell viability analysis. Clinical significance: Simvastatin is used in periodontal regeneration because of its antiinflammatory, bone-stimulating, and collagen-enhancing attributes. Developing an effective carrier for simvastatin is crucial, and employing platelet concentrates as a delivery method offers a synergistic effect that improves overall efficacy.

Aim: The study aimed to evaluate the effect of bacterial cellulose nanocrystals (BCNC) addition on the mechanical, morphological, and optical properties of zirconomer. Materials and methods: Zirconomer with varying amounts of BCNCs (0.2, 0.5, and 1.0%) was then prepared. The mechanical properties of the specimens were tested for compressive strength (CS) and flexural strength (FS) using a universal testing machine. Meanwhile, scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were performed to characterize the sample. The L*a*b* values were measured against a black-and-white background using a spectrophotometer to analyze the color mean difference. Results: Generally, the incorporation of BCNCs in the zirconomer matrix did not significantly improve the mechanical properties of the composite. However, the addition of a small amount of BCNCs (0.2%) in the glass ionomer cement (GIC) led to significant improvements (p < 0.05) in the compressive strength (+1.4x compared with the control group) but did not significantly change the flexural strength. BCNCs are evenly distributed in the sample SEM image, which may explain the enhancement of certain mechanical properties of the sample. In fact, a rougher and more heterogeneous texture on the sample surface was observed as BCNCs increased. FTIR confirms bonding or close association between the zirconium species and the BCNC matrix. The 0.2% BCNCs sample had relatively better color stability (p > 0.05) compared to the control. Conclusion: The findings suggest that incorporating a small amount (0.2%) of BCNCs into zirconomer could enhance its mechanical properties, particularly compressive strength, while maintaining acceptable optical properties. Clinical significance: The research emphasizes the promise of using cellulose nanocrystals (BCNCs) as an eco-friendly enhancer for zirconia-reinforced glass ionomer cement.

Aims and background: This study aims to compare the effectiveness of oak gall oil with Triphala oil as an adjuvant to tobacco cessation counseling (TCC) in the reversal of oral leukoplakia. Materials and methods: Patients prediagnosed with oral leukoplakia (n = 30) were randomized (1:1 ratio) to receive topical application of either oak gall oil (n = 15) or Triphala oil (n = 15) for 3 months. Clinical bidimensional measurement of the lesion were performed at baseline, 6th week, and 3rd month. Incisional punch biopsy was performed at baseline and at the end of the 3rd month. The primary outcome analyzed was the clinical measurement of the lesion and histopathological response at the end of the 3 months. An independent sample t-test was utilized to compare the means of clinical measurements between the oak gall and Triphala groups. Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out to analyze the mean reduction in the size of the lesion at the three time periods. Results: A total of 21 subjects completed the trial with a high clinical response rate (70%) in the Triphala group compared to the oak gall group (45.5%). The within-group comparison revealed a significant reduction in the size of the lesion over the period in both groups (p = 0.003). The difference in the clinical response between the oak gall and Triphala groups was not statistically significant (p = 0.444). A Chi-squared test was done to compare the histopathological responses, which proved that there is no statistical difference in the histopathological response between the two treatment groups (p = 1.000). The histopathological response revealed a complete reversal of leukoplakia in two patients in both groups. Conclusion: Oak gall oil and Triphala oil can be used as an adjuvant in the management of oral leukoplakia. Both oak gall and Triphala groups have shown significant reduction in the size of the lesion clinically but not complete reversal of the lesion histopathologically, owing to the limited period of the trial. Clinical significance: Indigenous plant products such as oak gall and Triphala oil can serve as simple, safe, and culturally acceptable adjuvants in the management of oral leukoplakia. The exact mechanism of action of oak gall oil and Triphala oil against free radicals should be thoroughly studied to introduce targeted therapies against oral leukoplakia. Clinical trial registration number: CTRI/2016/10/007415.

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate and compare the antimicrobial effectiveness of liquorice (mulethi) and chlorhexidine (1%) gel with normal saline (as control) in children aged 5 to 9 years, as cavity disinfectants. Materials and methods: In this study, a total of 84 subjects (28 per group) within the age-group of 5–9 years were included and randomly divided into three groups: group I [Hexigel containing chlorhexidine gluconate (1%) gel], group II (liquorice), and group III (normal saline) as a control group. The sample was collected by excavating carious dentine before disinfection. After disinfecting the cavities with test agents, samples were again collected and forwarded to the college's microbiological laboratory for a total viable count of bacteria. The Kruskal–Wallis test, Mann–Whitney U test, and the Wilcoxon paired t-test were used to statistically analyze the given data. Results: On comparison of the total viable count before and after disinfection with test agents, it was found that there was a statistically significant reduction in the total viable count in all the groups. The log values of colony count from pre to post showed that this reduction was found to be maximum among group II (liquorice group), which was significantly higher than group I (Hexigel group), which was in turn followed by group III (normal saline) group. Conclusion: Herbal agents can be used effectively as cavity disinfectants. Clinical significance: Phytotherapy is gaining popularity in dentistry because of the antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and biocompatibility properties of several plant medicines.

Aim: To estimate and correlate the salivary leucine-rich alpha-2 glycoprotein (LRG) in periodontitis patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Materials and methods: A total of 75 subjects were selected and divided into three groups: the H group had 25 systemically and periodontally healthy subjects, the P group had 25 systemically healthy subjects with stage 3 grade C periodontitis, and the P + T2DM group had 25 patients with T2DM and stage 3 grade C periodontitis. Demographic variables and periodontal parameters were recorded, then unstimulated saliva samples were collected. The level of LRG was estimated using ELISA, and data were recorded and statistically analyzed. Results: On comparing the demographic variables and periodontal parameters between the groups, age, and BMI demonstrated a statistically significant difference between the three groups. The mean values of periodontal parameters and salivary LRG were significantly higher in the P + T2DM group [periodontal parameters: plaque index (PI)—2.48 ± 0.30, bleeding on probing (BOP)—72.20 ± 5.64, probing pocket depth (PPD)—7.26 ± 5.64, clinical attachment level (CAL)—7.71 ± 0.25, salivary LRG—385.6 ± 170.3] when compared to the P and H groups. The Spearman's correlation showed a strong positive correlation between salivary LRG levels and periodontal parameters. Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, it can be inferred that salivary LRG has a role in proliferation, migration, and insulin resistance in diabetic and prediabetic patients. Thus, it can be used as a potential biomarker for early detection of T2DM in periodontitis patients. Clinical significance: Periodontitis and T2DM could influence the level of salivary LRG, and salivary LRG has a role in proliferation, migration, and insulin resistance in diabetic and prediabetic patients. Thus, it can be used as a potential biomarker for early detection of T2DM in periodontitis patients.

Aim: The aim of the current study was to assess the abrasive effect of three different types of toothbrushes on enamel surfaces. Materials and methods: Sixty recently extracted mandibular premolar teeth for orthodontic reasons were randomly divided into three groups—group I: the samples brushed with a manual toothbrush, group II: the samples brushed with a multidirectional-powered toothbrush, and group III: the samples brushed with a sonic-powered toothbrush. A specially designed brushing apparatus was developed. The tension of the spring was adjusted to 90 ± 10 gm using a dontrix gauge. For 2 weeks, a single sample was brushed twice a day for 2 minutes each time. A profilometer was used to assess the mean surface loss. Roughness average (Ra) values were computed before brushing and after 2 weeks of brushing, and they were then statistically evaluated. Results: The maximum surface roughness was found in group I (22.38 ± 1.86), followed by group III (19.04 ± 2.32), and least in group II (17.14 ± 1.20). There was a statistically significant difference found between group I vs group II and group I vs group III, with a mean difference of 5.24 and 3.34, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between group II vs group III. Conclusion: In conclusion, surface roughness was noticed in all toothbrushes that were utilized in the present investigation. However, when compared to the manual and sonic-powered toothbrush groups, the multidirectional-powered toothbrush group had the least amount of surface roughness. Clinical significance: The three most common conditions affecting the oral cavity are gingivitis, periodontal disease, and dental caries. The primary cause of these dental conditions is plaque. For the preservation of dental and oral health, plaque reduction is crucial. One very common tool for controlling plaque is the toothbrush. There are numerous toothbrushes on the market that are designed to remove plaque. Toothbrushes are a major factor in the development of tooth wear because they create abrasion.

Aim: To analyze the awareness of early detection of premalignant lesions and oral cancer among the general population in Hyderabad using the knowledge, attitude, and practice questionnaire. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study used a 34-item questionnaire designed based on previous literature, with a pilot study conducted among 30 participants in a private dental hospital. The questionnaire comprised 11 questions related to demographic details and symptoms, nine questions were included under the knowledge section, eight under attitude, and six under practice. Data were collected from approximately 419 patients using snowball sampling, and the findings were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 24.0. Results: A study of 419 participants found that 91% had no alcohol history, no smoking, and no dental problems. Around 33.6% were aware of its causes, and 62.1% were aware of regular dental checkups for early detection. Only 36% had good knowledge of habitual risk factors and early detection of oral premalignancies and oral cancer, while 80.5% had a good attitude and willingness toward awareness programs. Around 45% had good practice related to oral health screening. Conclusion: The study found that a major proportion had poor knowledge about the effects of tobacco and alcohol consumption and poor practices related to oral health checkups and regular mouth self-examination. Poor attitudes toward oral health screening for early detection of cancer have been noted, and these negative attitudes can hinder timely diagnosis. Clinical significance: Focusing on targeted awareness campaigns and educational interventions is the need of the hour for early detection of oral cancer, thereby improving the quality of life of the patients. Negative attitudes delay the early diagnosis and affect the prognosis of the lesions negatively. Promoting positive attitudes toward early detection and encouraging regular dental visits and self-examinations is very important. Collaboration between healthcare professionals, policymakers, and nongovernmental organizations is crucial in designing effective campaigns.

Aim: The present study was done to assess and compare the antimicrobial efficacy of ozonated olive oil and gingelly oil as subgingival irrigants adjunct to scaling and root planing by comparing the colony-forming units (CFU) of Porphyromonas gingivalis at baseline and 7 days postoperatively. Materials and methods: It was a split-mouth study design. A total of 10 chronic periodontitis patients (20 sites) with periodontal probing depths of 5–6 mm in two different quadrants were included in the present study. They were divided into two groups: group I—scaling and root planing irrigated with gingelly oil; group II—scaling and root planing irrigated with ozonated olive oil. Subgingival plaque samples were collected for assessing the microbial count of P. gingivalis by CFU/mL. The samples were collected before and 7 days after nonsurgical periodontal therapy. Results: The data were statistically analyzed by independent t-test for intergroup comparison and paired t-test for intragroup comparison. The microbial count of P. gingivalis had a statistically significant reduction in group II (from a mean value of 4.77–2.79 postoperatively after 7 days) compared to group I (from a mean value of 2.84–2.29 postoperatively after 7 days) (p < 0.05). A statistically significant reduction in anaerobic count was observed in group II (p = 0.03) compared to group I (p = 0.31). Conclusion: Ozone oil is an effective subgingival irrigant as an adjunct to scaling and root planing compared to gingelly oil. Clinical significance: Even though nonsurgical periodontal therapy is considered a keystone of periodontal therapy, inadequate or insufficient mechanical debridement results in the retention of plaque. To overcome this, the adjunct use of antimicrobial agents is advised. Ozone has powerful antimicrobial action against various periodontal pathogens, and gingelly oil has antiplaque efficacy; however, its effectiveness as a subgingival irrigant needs to be proven for its utilization in clinical practice.

Aim: To evaluate the efficacy of post-local drug delivery with chitosan chips and curcumin on Porphyromonas gingivalis. Materials and methods: A total of 20 subjects reporting to the Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, SGT University were randomly chosen. These subjects were affected by localized chronic periodontitis with bilateral periodontal pockets with a depth >5 mm. All the subjects were informed about the purpose of the study, and consent was obtained before collecting data. On one side, 1% curcumin gel was used, and on the other side, chitosan chips were used. The evaluation of periodontal status was conducted using the plaque index and bleeding index. To evaluate the microbiological alterations, the quantity of P. gingivalis colonies was measured. Results: Mean bleeding index values are 37.32 ± 11.85 and 60.95 ± 35.25 in the subjects treated with 1% curcumin gel and chitosan chips. The mean plaque index is 19.17 ± 2.28 and 22.55 ± 3.73 in the subjects treated with 1% curcumin gel and chitosan chips. To assess the microbial colony, a Quebec colony counter was used. Colony-forming units (CFU) per milliliter or gram of sample was obtained by dividing the number of colonies by the dilution factor multiplied by the amount of specimen added to the liquefied agar. The number of P. gingivalis was reduced in the samples treated with 1% curcumin gel (12.12 ± 3.88) compared to the samples treated with chitosan chips (27.51 ± 7.41). The results obtained are statistically significant. Conclusion: 1% curcumin gel proved to be a better local drug delivery agent compared to chitosan chips based on the periodontal and microbiological parameters. Clinical significance: The study was aimed at finding which of the natural sources of local drug delivery agents was better than the other. Local drug delivery agents are primarily made from allopathic sources. The use of natural agents, furthermore, counteracts the ill effects of the former.

Aim: The aim of the study was to establish an evidence-based guideline for positioning the inner border of the posterior contour of the maxillary occlusal rim in line with the crest of the alveolar ridge and to evaluate its relationship with the mandibular occlusal rim based on the period of edentulism. Materials and methods: One hundred sixty completely edentulous patients were included in the study. Occlusal rims were fabricated with the inner surface of the maxillary rim coinciding with the crest of the residual alveolar ridge. After recording the jaw relation, the orientation of the maxillary rim to the mandibular rim was scored as +, 0, or –. The participants were classified based on the period of edentulism, and the maxillary-mandibular relation was correlated. The Pearson Chi-squared test was used to assess the association between the maxilla-mandibular relation based on the scoring and the period of edentulism of 3–6, 6–12, 12–24, and >24 months. Results: A positive score was observed more frequently in 3–6 months (39.5%) and 6–12 months (32.1%) of edentulism, whereas a negative score was observed more frequently in >24 months of edentulism (55%). A neutral orientation was observed in the 12–24 months duration of edentulism (57.5%). Conclusion: The inner border of the maxillary occlusal rim correlated with the crest of the alveolar ridge when the period of edentulism was less than 12 months. An increase in the period of edentulism increased the negative correlation between the maxillary and mandibular occlusal rims. Clinical significance: The guideline for fabrication of the maxillary occlusal rim using the maxillary crest of the alveolar ridge would aid undergraduates in positioning the occlusal rim, thereby ensuring accurate arrangement of teeth according to the respective ridge resorption pattern.

Aim: The color stability of orthodontic wires exposed to dietary media varies. To investigate this, we measured and compared the color stability of Teflon-coated Ni–Ti (nickel–titanium) orthodontic esthetic archwires after immersion in turmeric, coffee, tea, and cola staining solutions. Materials and methods: The sample consisted of 32 epoxy and Teflon-coated nickel–titanium archwires measuring 0.019 × 0.025 inches each. Each sample was created by connecting 10-mm-long wire segments and joining their juxtaposed ends with ethyl cyanoacrylate. Four different staining solutions were used, including coffee, tea, cola, and turmeric solutions. After numbering each subgroup, the specimens were immersed in the solution and stored in distilled water at 37°C for 24 hours. The initial measurement was taken after removing them from the distilled water. Following the initial measurement (T0), the samples were placed in a container containing the prepared staining solutions. The color measurements were repeated after 7 days (T1), 14 days (T2), and 21 days (T3) of immersion in the solution. The spectrophotometer was calibrated prior to taking the measurements, as per the manufacturer's instructions. The color was measured using a computerized spectrophotometer based on the Commission Internationale de lEclairage system L*, a*, and b*, as well as color variations (ΔE). Results: Among the Teflon-coated esthetic archwires (group I), turmeric had the highest ΔE (41.22) value from baseline reading to 21 days, which was statistically significant with p ≤ 0.000 when compared to coffee, tea, and cola. Turmeric had the highest ΔE (6.35) compared to other staining solutions, followed by tea, coffee, and cola. Conclusion: In the current study, epoxy resin-coated archwires were more color-stable than Teflon-coated wires. Clinically, these color changes are associated with the foods and beverages consumed. Clinical significance: Color stability of esthetic archwires used in orthodontic treatment is critical, and any discoloration, staining, or changes in the patient's appearance will impact their willingness to cooperate and accept treatment.

Aim: The present study aimed to compare the serum levels of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), malondialdehyde (MDA), and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in type II diabetes patients (T2DM) with and without periodontitis. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study included 68 patients diagnosed with T2DM divided into two groups, with 34 chronic periodontitis [type II diabetes mellitus with periodontitis (T2DM-P)] and 34 periodontally healthy [type II diabetes mellitus without periodontitis (T2DM-H)], and their periodontal status was assessed. A commercially available ELISA kit was used to estimate serum AGEs levels. Serum MDA levels were determined using TCA–TBA–HCl reagents. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Continuous data were compared between the groups using an unpaired t-test, and categorical data were analyzed using the Chi-squared test. The correlation between variables in both groups was assessed using Pearson's correlation. Results: Periodontal clinical parameters [full mouth plaque score (FMPS), full mouth bleeding score (FMBS), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL)] were significantly higher in the T2DM-P group when compared to the T2DM-H group. T2DM-P patients exhibited a significantly higher level of serum AGEs (p = 0.000) and HbA1c (p = 0.029) when compared to T2DM-H patients. No significant difference was found between the two study groups in terms of serum MDA. In the T2DM-P group, a statistically significant low positive correlation was exhibited by serum AGEs with FMPS (r = 0.440, p = 0.009) and FMBS (r = 0.457, p = 0.007) and HbA1c with CAL (r = 0.346, p = 0.045). HbA1c exhibited a low positive correlation with FMPS (r = 0.495, p = 0.003) and FMBS (r = 0.457, p = 0.007), which was statistically significant in the T2DM-H group. A negligible correlation was found between the other variables. Conclusion: The study concluded that T2DM-P patients exhibited elevated levels of serum AGEs and HbA1c compared to T2DM-H, suggesting a possible relationship between periodontitis and exacerbated chronic inflammation in T2DM. Clinical significance: This study underscores the bidirectional influence of chronic periodontitis and diabetes mellitus (DM), as evidenced by changes in inflammatory markers and glycemic control. Hence, optimal periodontal health could play a critical role in maintaining glycemic control among DM patients.

Aim: This clinical case report describes a technique to elevate the sinus floor membrane using the Foley catheter with hydraulic pressure method to place bone graft material so as to increase bone volume for placement of endosseous implants in maxillary posterior region. Background: Long-standing partial edentulism compromises the bone volume in the posterior segment of the maxilla. It is a challenging treatment and typically involves extensive and invasive sinus floor augmentation. Various methods have been employed for sinus floor elevation, one of which is the application of hydraulic pressure using the balloon technique. Case description: A 37-year-old male patient reported to Department of Prosthodontics, with a chief complaint of missing tooth in left posterior maxillary region. On examination, teeth missing was #26. Detailed case history of the patient was recorded. On radiographic examination, there was an atrophic alveolar ridge with deficient height of 3 mm in the area of the extracted upper left first maxillary molar. The patient was given a variety of treatment options involving removable and fixed prostheses. After the patient's consent to fixed prosthesis, a treatment plan was formulated that involved sinus floor augmentation followed by delayed implant placement. As the height of alveolar ridge was <4 mm, direct lateral wall approach was chosen for sinus floor elevation. Sinus floor elevation by the Foley catheter led to a sinus floor elevation of >12 mm and sufficient for placement of dental implant. The patient was asymptomatic with a stable implant at the 1-year follow-up period after prosthetic implant loading. Conclusion: Sinus floor augmentation using a Foley catheter proved to be minimally invasive with least membrane perforation chances, minimal discomfort for the patient, increased alveolar bone height, and increased bone-to-implant surface contact for better stability. Clinical significance: A variety of sinus lift techniques have been employed to increase bone volume in patients with atrophic maxilla. The present case reported the use of a medical resource (Foley catheter) for a minimally invasive, safe, and economical for direct and indirect sinus floor elevation to receive dental implant. This method effectively makes use of the benefits of the Caldwell–Luc window strategy for better visualization and safety of ballooning technique, which enables placement of dental implants.

Aim: This article aims to provide a concise review of the material aspects, unique properties, surface modifications, clinical considerations, and the future prospects of bioceramics in implantology. Background: Titanium-based implant systems have long been the go-to solution for rehabilitating edentulous spaces due to their excellent mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility. However, these implant systems are not without their drawbacks, and several inherent flaws have been identified over time, namely hypersensitivity reactions, gray hue, etc., leading to the exploration of alternative materials. Due to these concerns, there has been an increasing demand for more esthetically pleasing and tissue-compatible materials for implant fabrication. Zirconia has emerged as a promising alternative to titanium-based implant systems due to its superior biological, esthetic, mechanical, and optical properties. Results: Zirconia has emerged as a promising alternative to titanium-based implant systems for oral rehabilitation due to its improved biocompatibility, superior esthetics, mechanical strength, optical properties, and reduced plaque accumulation. However, despite their significant progress in modern healthcare, the full potential of ceramics as biomaterials has yet to be fully realized. Conclusion: Ongoing research focusing on the chemistry, composition, and structure aims to further enhance the mechanical integration of ceramics and develop appropriate surface characteristics that improve stability and surface coatings to enhance cellular adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. These advancements are expected to pave the way for ceramics to become the primary material of choice in implantology in the near future. Clinical significance: Zirconia ceramics have emerged as the preferred material for clinical dental applications, particularly for posterior crowns and fixed bridges, thanks to their impressive mechanical properties, ability to withstand high temperatures, biocompatibility, low thermal conductivity, and esthetic advantages. As dental technology progresses, zirconia ceramics are expected to maintain their prominence in dental restorations, offering patients durable, visually pleasing, and biologically safe solutions for their oral health requirements.